REFLECTION OF THE LIVING WORLD IN EDUCATIONAL LITERATURE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY (PRE-SOVIET AND EARLY SOVIET PERIOD)

• Леся Сухомлинська

  науковий співробітник ДНПБ України імені В.О. Сухомлинського

The article is devoted to the characteristics of topics and plots  that formed students’ knowledge and attitude to the living world (plants and animals) in the pages of Ukrainian educational literature of the beginning of the 20^th century, when public opinion had not yet established a position on these issues.The analysis focuses on textbooks and manuals for primary school children, which reflect the views of teachers, authors and compilers on the interaction of a person and the living world. The article reveals the content of textbooks created and implemented during the years of Ukrainian governments during the Ukrainian Revolution (1917-1921), which in general continued the pre-revolutionary trend of covering these issues as a revelation of the everyday world of the child. The textbooks of T. Khutorny (Tymofiy Lubents) and the contribution of the outstanding teacher Borys Hrinchenko to the formation of children's compassionate attitude towards animals are described. It was found that in the early Soviet period, when the republic had its own education system, most of the textbooks used in previous years were reworked for Soviet discourse and school activities - the study of the world around us, the connection with life. Topics and stories about flora and fauna increased in textbooks for village schools in view of their “usefulness” for humans and the economy, and the authors advised to give care to wild birds. The article describes the Russian textbook literature, as it was used in schools of the UkSSR. It is established that in all analyzed sources of the early 1920s the material about the living world is insufficiently presented. In comparison with other topics, especially ideological ones, there is a clear tendency to reduce it, while the political, ideological component has been growing every year.

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