PEDAGOGICAL SYSTEM OF TEACHING NATURAL DISCIPLINES AT SCHOOL

• Mykola Ostapchuk

  Rivne State University for the Humanities

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-9137

• Lyudmila Moroz

  Rivne State University for the Humanities

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-8694

The concept of «system» implies the presence of a set of elements with relations and connections between them, which form a certain integrity. The article considers the learning process from the point of view of holistic education as a pedagogical system taking into account the components of problematicity, as a type of education that contributes to the development of students’ creative abilities, and not a method of educational activity. System education leads to a property that individual elements do not possess. The statements of scientists regarding the components of the education system, which are not unambiguous, are given. The main attention is focused on the didactics of problem-based learning, the components of the educational environment remain less studied: the teacher and the student. Problem-based learning is a didactic system, as it offers a new structure of interaction between the teacher and students. The elements of the didactic system of problem-based learning include the organization of the content and structure of the learning process, the content and methods of learning, the construction of a system of methods of cognitive activity, the organization of content, forms and means of learning. But we adhere to the view that the didactic system of problem-based learning of the school course of natural subjects is built on a certain understanding of the logical and psychological patterns of the development of thinking and creative abilities of a person. Learning is based on learning by solving problems and has a developmental function in relation to the creative abilities of a person. This type of learning is a system for forming students’ creative abilities, and not just a sum or an implicit set of individual methods for activating students’ cognitive activity and thinking. The author’s model of the didactic system is depicted, in particular, the didactic system is a set of interconnected elements, which are the goals of learning, the content of learning, methods, means and organizational forms of learning, the system for assessing students’ educational achievements. The characteristics of the component parts-elements of the system are given. The system-forming factor of the didactic system is two elements: learning goals and learning content. The internal connections between the elements of the system are emphasized in more detail on the principles of synergy and STEAM education. The developmental effect of problem-based learning, its advantages and disadvantages in the study of natural sciences are shown. Not all topics of the school course of natural sciences are expedient to study by the problem method.

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